Aquarium plants

The plants of different breadths and types of reservoirs have different «tastes» in part of temperature, luminosity and quality of water (inflexibilities and reactions of rN).From number plants rooted in soil, simpler those which succeeds to be reared from the small wreckages of stems-handles prigivayutsya than all.
Lyudvigiya — plant making to use popularity at the home amateurs-aquariums more than one hundred years. Bright green, with rounded listyami, it well overgrows in the magnificent bush branching out from any fragment prikopannogo in sand. Prefers the bright illumination. In this case lower parties of its foliage acquire a reddish tint. In nature is water-bog plant. Overgrowing, its overhead escapes achieve a surface of water and continue to grow out it, beautifully let through the edge of aquarium down. Optimum temperature of water for this plant — a 20—22 degree.Peristolistnik — yugnoamerikanskoe plant; loves light and clear water. Its long fragile! the stems covered by the peristimi fluffy nitevidni-j mi by listyami of tender-green color are very beautiful. Well grows at the 18—20°S temperature. Lees which has to be periodically shaken off osedaet on its tender foliage, or it follows to delete senescent muddy stems, rejuvenating a fast-growing plant.

Kabomba.

Motherland of this plant — South America. Grows long stems and pair suprotivnimi listyami fan-shaped and melkorassechennimi. The most fluffy beautiful plants develop at the good lateral illumination. Kabomba fine looks at oneself at landing by thin kurtinami. At the insufficient overhead illumination the stems stretch at the rare location of listev upwards. Prefers soft water and temperature 20—24 °S. Ploho prigivaetsya in the hard ferrous water.Elodei. The aquariums have to run into three near types of these plants.

Elodeya canadian Its long thin and fragile stems are thickly covered by the oblong shallow leaves. Well grows in the cool water — at temperature about 10 “With, captivating shallow reservoirs. Therefor name it still aquatic plague. In the room teplovodnih aquariums prigivaetsya badly, perishes in the hard water, especially with the admixture of salts of iron.More befit for the room aquariums of elodeya toothed with the lengthened oblong chlorine leaves and form near to it — elodeya curly, also with extended, but with the curled leaves. These plants not bad grow in aquariums with the net, regularly updated water, at the room temperature.

Vallisnerii

the most widespread and simple plants. Their listya as rather narrow ribbons of emerald color are very decorative and besides not strongly shade the lateral illumination, that important for other plants. The aquariums conduct vallisnerii two kinds. One of them, by birth from South Europe, differs by direct and long (50—60 sm) listyami. In the aquariums of sufficient depth at the overhead illumination of vallisneriya sometimes flowers by the shallow flowerets. They are two kinds: womanish — as long tubes with bell on end on spiralevidnih stilts and masculine — trilobate, on the short legs. In the shallow aquariums these plants lose, because their lengthened listya, attaining a surface, lie along it down, blocking a skylight and hindering to superficial aeratsii, and such overage juveniles look not so beautifully.Therefore in the aquariums of middle depth other type of vallisnerii is preferable — by birth from America, with spiralevidnimi listyami which do not outgrow in length. Vallisneriya with the linear foliage well gets along also in the holodnovodnih aquariums, and at the room temperature. Vallisneriya with spiralevidnimi listyami is more heat-loving. Prefer that and other kind updated clear water of aquariums and badly carry a brackish environment.(or yaponika) differs by wide (2—2,5 sm) rifle-green listyami. In the low aquariums at the good overhead illumination forms wide lanceolate listya on the long narrow petioles. Its motherland — south of North America. Above water flowers — as brushes of small white colors with the yellow stamens. The plant planted in sand develops enough slowly, but gradually types growth, forming the powerful root system transforming a sandy pound in silty substrat. This not always appropriately in the ordinary decorative aquarium, but very well, if aquarium — pool in the winter garden. Strelolisti and ordinary vallisneriya more successful effloresce after original yarovizatsii or stage of rest, when the plants save at the temperature 10—14 °With during a few weeks.

Saggitariya

(or strelolist) looks like on vallisneriyu, but its listya of sableobraznoy form and more dark tint. This water-bog plant can form a surface tier of foliage on the long petioles in the form of tip of arrows. It very decorates an aquarium, but this not always comfortably, because possibility to cover it by glass disappears.Izoetis (helioharis) — elegant plant, having low (15—20 sm) threadlike chlorine listya growing small bunches. Well grows on the sandy pound, in the light, systematic refreshed water. The sizes and grace of plant do it by decoration of foregrounds of aquarium. At the lateral illumination of izoetis overgrows toward podsvetki and forces systematic to thin out its kurtini. At the overhead illumination to make the upgrade of kurtini more comfortable, deleting senescent its parts. It is possible to limit excrescence of plant, mortgaging in sand of strip of glass or plastic.Amazon — teplovodnie plants, by birth from America. Them there are a few kinds different on sizes. In the aquariums of middle sizes appropriately to conduct a «midget» amazon — beautiful, rifle-green plant as small bushes — electric outlets with lanceolate listyami long about 15 sm, at the width of about 4 sm on the short handles. Other meeting at our aquariums the kind is very beautiful, but its bushes with listyami long about 40 sm at width 5— 6 sm are bulky for the aquariums of middle sizes. Better grow in the soft, slightly sour water at the temperature 22—28 °S. Pri good illumination lower parties of listev acquire a reddish tint. Lately the list of plants of this family broadens due to delivery and other kinds.

Kriptokarini

— family which more than fifty kinds from the countries of East Asia are included in. Among them meet both large plants appropriate only for landing on backgrounds in the large aquariums, and shallow (12—15 sm) kinds suitable even for the small capacities. Kriptokarini differ by variety not only specific forms, but also by the considerable intraspecific changeability. So, comparatively not large kriptokarina Nevillya is known as shirokolistvennoe and as an uzkolistvennoe plant. Kriptokarini with lanceolate listyami have vague similarity with amazon, but petioles of their listev longer, the color is olive-green, and lower party of foliage russetAll kriptokarini are heat-loving. Optimum temperature for them 24—28 “With. Most beautiful the plants grow at the good, mainly overhead illumination. But at the same time they tenevinoslivi, grow in neutral or to the slabokisloy environment at the insignificant or middle inflexibility of water.For these plants brackish and alkaline (rN over 7,5) water is ruinous.Aponegeton — tender-green plant with long lanceolate listyami on the long petioles. Such listya develop at the lateral illumination and at the young plants. The floating leaves of more dense structure with the lustrous surface appear at the overhead illumination. Unlike the visheopisannih kinds the young plants appear not on the prikornevih sprouts, but on the long pointers in the layer of water. The tuber from which upwards listya of young aponegetona germinate appears on the end of pointer, and the counterfoils stretch downward. At the good terms a new pointer grows from this plant, and so appears whole chainlet of young plants. As far as their maturing of pointer become more fragile, and seat an underwood in the sandy soil. The plants better prigivayutsya in the teplovodnih aquariums (24—26 °With), at the soft, dissipated illumination in the old water with neutral or by the slabokisloy reaction.The aquariums-muscovites conduct an aquatic fern (tseratopteris) from a 1948 year. From the sole small small bush in the short space it was got the great number of the plants winning popularity at amateurs to conduct fishes thanks to its beauty and unpretentiousness. Plants with the chlorine fretted leaves achieving in length about 20 sm, propagates oneself by buds which appear in the great number on the ends of listev and then develop in the young plants. These daughter's small bushes, moving away from the maternal bush, emerge to the surface and can grow and propagate oneself, not fastened in soil. But the plants planted in sand at the overhead illumination develop much more magnificent. Fern — teplovodnoe plant, demanding to composition of water, but better grows in aquariums, where regularly update water.Senescent small bushes growing in soil, expediently systematic to replace by youths which on the first stage of development, not still obrosshie by the numerous daughters' rastenitsami, much more beautiful. — plant with the thin threadlike stems of chlorine color from the mutovkami narrow (1 — 1,5 mm) leaves long the no more than centimetre. The long stems of gidrilli branching out overgrow in the layer of water, not fastened in soil. Gidrilla is not demanding to the temperature and inflexibility of water. Although better grows in the updated environment. Any fragment of gidrilli, at the sufficient illumination, soon overgrows, captivating all free space. The anxiety of aquarium is taken to deleting of superfluous senescent lashes of gidrilli mainly.Along with the small bushes of young fern freely floating at surface this plant is special comfortably in aquariums with the fishes inclined to dig in soil, and also for the small capacities used for transplanting of fries or as spawning-grounds.(fontinalis) — inhabitant of cold running waters of middle bar of our motherland. Its thin stems thickly covered by the shallow leaves tuft, by fastened «koreshkami»-rizoidami to the stony bottom. Well prigivaetsya in the aquariums unwarmed up at the sufficient illumination and slightly by the sour or neutral reaction of water. In such terms overgrows, forming thickets of chlorine color. Declines in health in the warm, muddy water and at the alkaline reaction of environment.This plant badly prigivaetsya in aquariums with the warm water and exotic inhabitants, but very comfortably as substrata for ikrometaniya of fishes and as refuge for fries at breeding of the kinds inclined to the cannibalism.

Aquarium plants

The aquarium plants convert a room reservoir into the original submarine garden, decorate it not less fishes and other inhabitants. Growing of aquarium plants so enthralling, as well as room floriculture.
Without them in the water environment the biological equilibrium can not be set; vegetation enriches water by oxygen, serves by shelter for fries and food for fishes, shellfishes and mikroflori. Naturally, that before to place in aquarium fishes and other living creatures, it is necessary to crop it with plants.In aquariums conduct mainly teplovodnie exotic plants of small sizes. They well grow during all year, while experience most plants of our reservoirs the winter in the oppressed state or die off in autumn, in spring to regenerate from seeds, tubers or rhizomes.Aquarium most plants well overgrow from handles-wreckages. Simply prikapivayut them in soil with the sheet bosoms from which soon the counterfoils germinate. So conduct peristolistniki, lyudvigiyu, kabombu, bakopuand row of other plants. Vallisnerii, marsilii. izoetes, different kinds amazon and plants similar to them propagate oneself by prikornevimi otvodkami — by sprouts, on the ends of which the young plants are formed.At aponegetonov young otvodki appear on the leaved pointers. And some plants rear, landing in soil pieces of rhizomes or tubers, for example, money-box yellow, which not bad grows in aquariums. On a new place best the young plants prigivayutsya of all. Therefore, buying them at the market, it is not needed to overpay a superfluous money for the luxurious large copies which in the process of adaptation at you at home, as a rule, decline in health and will in best case give beginning of young underwood.Before landing every plant it follows carefully to wash in pelvis with the net water of room temperature. Simultaneously it follows to delete all leaves and podgnivshie counterfoils dying off. The long counterfoils are needed to be shortened so that their length corresponded to the layer of soil.In most cases the plants seat directly in soil of aquariums. In pots it has to seat the plants wherein it is assumed to contain fishes inclined to the digging activity. For the pot culture appropriately than the plant of the single landing, clustering forms, more large and not formative prikornevih otvodkov, for example, lyudvigiya, aponegeton, yellow money-box and other. The pot landing of yellow money-box is appropriate also in order to limit the excessive growth and excrescence of rhizomes of this powerful plant undesirable in the room aquarium. For this purpose it is possible to use small kuvshinoobraznie, uzkogorlie pots. Planted there young plants taken by the early spring from the natural reservoirs, at the lateral illumination form beautiful electric outlets of submarine pale green leaves. Such, in essence, midget form of money-box it succeeded to save, artificially limiting growth of its root system by the small pot and cutting rhizomes germinating through its overhead edge.For the taking root of the again planted plants, settling of shallow particles of soil and forming of mikroflori of aquarium 7—10 days are necessary. By the index of the set equilibrium the disappearance of the lees arising up in the first days serves in «nature» of room reservoir. Only after this in aquarium it is possible to seat fishes and other animals.

Hasemaniya marginata

One of the most beautiful fishes of haratciny group.
Know it only not many aquariums. Possibly, and because young fishes are painted very modestly and have not a «commodity» kind. Centuries ago the author by chance acquired from ten the fries of unattractive serebristo-serogo color. On question about the name of these fishes the salesman uncertainly pronounced: «A sort of marginatusov». Was quite a bit to dig in directories, to specify the authentic name of my new nurse-children. This was complicated and that there is another fish, named nannostomus marginatus. About one and a half months passed, and my fishes, more faithful half from them, turning out males, were transformed. They began to sparkle by brilliance of pure gold, the dorsal and anal fins became red. These unusually mobile fishes on equal vied by brightness with the glorified neons and considerably excelled them by liveliness. The females looked some more modest, but also became naryadnee, painted in the color of the just cleaned table silver.
Since these fishes became one of best decorations of my aquarium economy. Small size (about 4 sm), they, not in example to its glorified relatives, are less choosy its maintenance and breeding. Though and for spawning soft, slightly sour water with the temperature 25—26 is necessary to them °S. Nerestyatsya they at depth about 1 sm in the small tselnosteklyannih vessels. Put a caviar aside on plants with the shallow foliage, for example on miriofillum. The development of caviar and larvae passes, as at majority of haratsinovih. The producers eat a caviar up, and after ikrometaniya of them it follows to transplant. With other kinds these peaceful fishes get along well, but in the separate aquarium the flock of marginatusov looks especially interesting.

Flashlight (hemigrammus otselifer)

Fish which the home aquariums got in a 1959 year only, when tetra background of rio were saved at not many inveterate amateurs only, and their denominative name, as well as fishes, many simply did not know. If the background of rio rozoveet on to light like the Chinese coloured flashlight, at hemigrammusa, as a little flashlight, the mirror spot at foundation of tail probleskivaet. The same, but the not so eye-catching «flashlights» are located on the forehand of body after branchiaes and above eyes. On form body the flashlight is similar with the previous kind — oval, compressed from sides, long 4—5 sm, is painted by the silvery-greenish color, with the dark bar on the tail stem, broadening by the end. The tender elegant look of this uzkoteloy fish by the light (kontragur) passing through it is semilucent, so that the air-bladder is translucent.Fishes are able to propagate oneself in the defended plumbing water, on condition of slabokisloy or neutral its reaction. Temperature of the maintenance 22— 24 °With, spawning — 26—27 “With. There can be a spawning-ground also a framework aquarium. Fishes in kurtinah of melkolistvennih plants spawn. Partly it remains on them the part falls on bottom. The producers do not eat a caviar up. There is no necessity in shading of spawning-ground. On spawning better to seat two males at one female.

The Tetra-fon-rio (flashlight)

Small, about 4 sm fish with oval, uploshennim from sides by body. Is led in reservoirs near Rio-de-Ganeyro.
This was one of the first haratsinovih fishes divorced by our aquariums still at the beginning of the thirtieth years. The forehand of body is silvery-rose with three dark transversal bars. Back-end, the dorsal, tail and anal fins are red, last at male — with the dark edging. At good samochuvstvii fishes are painted by the saturated rose-red tones as though luminous by the falling light. For what and they got its Russian name. But at the drop in the temperature of water, starvation and even at the fright of paint instantly fade. They are not so demanding to quality of water, as majority and sorodichey, however better feel and more successful spawn in the soft water at the neutral reaction Temperature of the maintenance 20—24 °With, spawning -26—28 “With. It is spawned in kurtinah of melkolistvennih plants which it hangs on, as though glued. The development of ikrinok takes place about days. The larval stage flows 3—4 days. On its ending the fries do not float in the layer of water, but as though creep on the leaves of plants and bottom of spawning-ground in search of mikrokorma. Prefer water defended, transparent, saturated by oxygen due to the vital functions of plants at good their illumination.

Ternetsiya

One of not many types of the haratsinovih fishes simple and simple in breeding. The high, compressed from sides body of these small (about 5 sm) fishes gives them the known likeness with youths of skalyariyami. The young individuals at which greater part of body are most interesting, the dorsal and anal fins are almost black, at the adult individuals serebristo-seroe body with two dark transversal bars. Growing, fishes get clear up, becoming less attractive. Along with the initial form is present and aquarium breed of vualevih ternetsiy with lengthened plavnikami. Polovozrelimi these fishes become about eight months. Life-span fishes about 4 years. For breeding preferably to use young individuals. Males, as a rule, are painted more dark. However above all difference — form of body, which at females more rounded in area of stomach.For spawning it is possible to use and framework aquariums with the defended plumbing water, with the 26—28°S temperature. Fishes eat up a caviar, what the bottom of spawning-ground must be closed in order to avoid by the layer of melkolistvennih plants or closed by net, failed which the caviar becomes through inaccessible for fishes. Light does not interfere with development of caviar and larvae, which passes in the terms general for the haratsinovih fishes. For the receipt of posterity it is possible to use also the transplanted pairs, and flocks of ternetsiy in aquariums by capacity no less than two buckets with the protective net for the rescue of caviar.The last years ternetsiy began to conduct less. They were «pressed» by the more bright and good-looking representatives of this group. But for the beginning aquarium the acquaintance with these fishes gives invaluable experience of their breeding and touch to the miracle of creation of a new life.

Thayeria boehlkei

Some larger previous (length about 6 sm). Slender, progonistaya fish of silvery color with the wide black bar along all body, the end of which goes down downward, going on the lower blade of tail plavnika.

For this original decoration the fish got the in the everyday use name of «kocheregka». Males from females differ by the more slender, smart addition. Terms of maintenance and breeding — general for haratsinovih, but these fishes, inhabitants of light clear waters, need the more spacious apartments for maintenance and spawning with the weekly partial substitution of soft water with the neutral reaction. A sharp change of its composition is to disastrous for these fishes. The author had sorrowful experience, when, getting at acquaintance notoriously healthy pair fishes, let out them in the general aquarium with neons and gratsilisami. Whereupon fishes almost at once perished. Other party of the fishes taken from the same economy, I trained to water of its aquarium gradually, during a few hours razbavlyaya by it water brought in bank together with oblikvami. Whereupon fishes successfully prigilis on a new place.

Neon

Beautiful fish opened only at the beginning of the thirtieth years in the river Amazonki basin. A few years it did not succeed to be divorced to the European aquariums, because it was not known, what terms these fishes live in and propagate oneself on its motherland. And place, where this beautiful fish was opened and from where brought it in Europe, some time made, to keep secret a monopoly on their hunting and delivery. Tell, that the accidental opening of this remarkable fish in remote parts of amazonian selvi helped to the adventurer being in need in poverty if not to get rich, but, at all events, to become on feet.
Not at once became known, that at itself on the motherland of fish live in the small rivers slowly current in the dusk of tropical forest. Under its pologom always not enough light, silty soil is dark, and the surface of water is cluttered up by the foliage falling off. The necessity of shading of spawning-grounds of neons for the normal development of caviar and larvae is exactly fated to these. The second provision of their maintenance — quality of water in the places of the natural dwelling of neons. The natural reservoirs lie on the silty peaty soils and accordingly have slightly a sourish reaction at the almost complete absence of soluble mineral matters. And they are filled up by threads of rain-water, I.e. almost distilled. By shove to beginning of spawning serves not only at neons, but also at the tropical most fishes upgrade of waters by the rain threads.
Not at once the aquariums knew all this. Still later they learned to create the required terms for these choosy nurse-children. During the row of years success in breeding of these wonderful and in that pore of very dear fishes accompanied to the aquariums of the small German small town supplying with these fishes in the entire countries of Europe. The «secret» of the so successful breeding of them consisted in composition local water which were made to use by habitants and including lucky aquariums. And in our country the neons are left in a 1955 year, when them learned to conduct aquariums of many countries.
For spawning of neons, as well as other haratsinovih is used by the tselnosteklyannie aquariums. Forasmuch as these fishes are very sensible even to the insignificant change of composition of water due to the admixtures of salts of metals or chemical matters, can get in the water contiguous with framework and aquarium putty. Pour water of the proper quality by layer about 10 see Vidergivayut the producers of different chaffs before spawning separately during 10 days. Place them in spawning-ground by pairs from evening, shading it from every quarter so that the dissipated light penetrated only from above by the narrow bar. Spawning takes place usually at dawn, whereupon transplant the producers. The caviar develops in the flow of days in darkness at the spawning 22—24°S temperature. The larvae hang on the walls of vessel and melkolistvennih plants and stay still to rassasivaniya of geltochnogo bubble about 4 days. Then they begin to float and feed on infusoria, kolovratkami or egg yolk. Preferably to feed them with the living mikrokormom in the conditions of the black-out aquarium examined with x-rays by the bar of dim light. The fries grow quickly and become polovozrelimi approximately for a 4 month. Besides the pair breeding landing is practiced on spawning of group of neons from 10—12 fishes in spawning-ground by capacity about 20 litres and more at the depth of aquatic post 15—20 see
In aquariums conduct neons of two kinds: neon and red neon. First measuring about 3,5 sm, male it a bit more shallow than female, is painted gay in colours by the bright dark blue-green bar along all body, under which from pectoral plavnikov to the tail lower its part reddens by the so bright «neon» light. Red neon hardly larger and still naryadnee, because at it bright red all lower part. By the falling even insignificant light the fishes glitter to ruby and by the overflowing emerald and turquoise paints, like jewels. And in the dusk of tropical reservoirs such colouring secures to these covey fishes the permanent visual contact with relatives.

Minor and serpasi

Also shirokotelie, uploshennie from sides fishes pressing visheopisannih fishes in hearts and aquariums of amateurs thanks to the more intensive colouring of body and plavnikov.

That and other kind are painted in the red color of tender rozoveyushih tones with red plavnikami, except for spinal, which has a black with the white mount. The representatives of both kinds are similar between itself. Serpasov distinguishes only dark transversal bar on the forehand of body. Both kind easily cross between itself, and to the modern aquariums in most cases it has to have business with the hybrid fishes. Albinos are the minor keys got Moscow amateurs in the middle of fiftieth years, pinky, semilucent fishes with the same plavnikami — are very beautiful. But crossing of them with fishes of initial forms diminishes intensity of the natural colouring at posterity.Terms of maintenance and breeding — general for haratsinovih. The spawning-ground must be darkened.

Geterorabdous

Is known under the name of gratsilis also. By birth from the same places, that and neons.

This small (about 4 sm) elegant fish is selected by the orangevo-krasnoy bar ablaze by the reflected light on background dark bar passing under it. The original «luminescence» of these fishes, as well as to the previous kinds, helps to be oriented in the group of sorodichey in the dark depths of tropical waters. These peaceful fishes are especially good in flock, that corresponds to the natural conduct of them in nature.
Males differ by the less sizes and more slender body, while the females are characterized by «womanlike» rounded of forms.
For spawning the temperature 25—26 is required °With, soft, defended, slightly acidified water by layer about 15 see Spawning passes at the weak luminosity, the development of caviar takes place in the flow of days, larvae — 3—4 days in the conditions of darkening. The aquarium for spawning is necessary tselnosteklyanniy. Adult fishes eat up its caviar, therefore after spawning they follow to be transplanted. Success of breeding in the great deal relies on the terms of growing, maintenance and combination of producers. Therefore for placing of geterorabdusov it is needed to locate by the couple of fishes, but by the group of young individuals. The sizes of these fishes predetermine their necessity in the shallow living forage both for rearing of fries, and at maintenance of adult fishes.

Diamond tetra (moenkauziya diamond)

On its forms reminds ornatusa, but it is distinguished, foremost, numerous spots sparse on all body and ablaze by the falling light, as little mirrors or diamond verges. Therefor fish and got its name. Males from females differ the lengthened dorsal and anal fins.The terms of breeding are general for the haratsinovih fishes. Fries of moenkauzii comparatively large and before other are able to eat up shallow tsiklop (dust).

Haplohilusi (pickerels)

Small fishes dwelling in the reservoirs of Africa and indo-chinese behave toward this group, which are characterized the lengthened progonistim body with the dorsal and anal fins far moved aside, and also by manner to be motionlessly harboured in the overhead layers of water under the protection supernatant plants.

Original appearance and ways give to these fishes the known likeness with pikes, however they are not dangerous for fishes of middle sizes and fine get along in the general aquariums. Feed on the living sterns floating at the surface of water, and by the shallow invertebrates falling in water. This the structure of jaws of these fishes which are opened ahead and upwards is instrumental in. Living in aquariums and feeding on the prepared forage, fishes saved its hunting ways. They heed from under water after flies which catch, jumping out our by surface. Therefore the aquarium with them must be covered by glass.
Haplohilus shaperi (shapirki) — small (about 6 sm) pickerels. Male is covered by the greenish-goldish scale with the transversal dark bars on body the lengthened ledge on the lower party of tail plavnika with the dark edging. Females some more shallow, are painted paler, have sharply ledge on tail, but the red color on the lower jaw and forehand of breast at them is absent.For the successful breeding enough one male is on the pair of females. Shapirok successfully it is possible to conduct in general with the viviparous fishes aquarium the part of surface of which is covered richchiey. In it fishes hardly whether daily put aside for a few ikrinok. From them after the 8—12-daily ripening the fries which the first time are motionlessly placed at same surface of water are pecked out. At the daily scrutiny of these are small necks which are comparatively large, succeeds, otlovi by their tea-spoon, to land in the separate jar, where rear them by «dust».

Pankahas - Motherland of these fishes India, from here — another in the everyday use name accepted at the Moscow aquariums, —. «Indian pickerels». These fishes larger shapirok (about 8 sm). Males are very beautiful: on the goldish background the rows of the brilliant sulphur spangles ablaze in the reflected light are located, and plavniki are decorated by the orange-green dots-edging. The females differ comparatively by the pale colouring and zakruglennim end of anal plavnika which at males is sharp. Ikrometanie and development of caviar is the same, as well as at the previous kind. The fries are enough large and are at once able to feed on shallow tsiklopami. Optimum temperature of their maintenance 22—24 With, water is preferable soft, with the neutral reaction of environment.

Lineatus - Fishes also by birth from India, are similar with the visheopisannim kind, but still larger (about 10 sm) and naryadnee due to size and bright brilliance of rows of the emerald points symmetric stretching along all body of males, and orangevo-krasnoy edging of dorsal, anal and tail fins. Conduct these fishes approximately the same as fishes of visheopisannih kinds. Lineatusi less ugivchivi, than their sorodichi, so that they are to be better contained separately or with the more large neighbours. The development of caviar takes place in the same terms. The fries are large and viable. At their growing it is possible to dispense with microfood.

Fundulusi and kalliurusi

The zoologists variously classify different types of these fishes, family haplohilusam. The Аквариумисты-amateurs name them traditionally, paying attention not to the anatomic features about which at times the specialists-sistematiki argue even, and on the original appearance our nurse-children, feature in their conduct and breeding.
As well as haplohilusi, these fishes are characterized by the prolate, progonistoy form of bodies, brightness and variety of colouring of males, than they differ from the modestly painted and more shallow females also. Some of them put aside a caviar in the carpet of supernatant plants, other throw it on soil of the shallow reservoirs drying up, whereupon the females perish, leaving a caviar able to be saved during drought, that with a new period of rains to continue a relay race of life in the revived temporal reservoirs.
These very beautiful fishes do not suit for the general decorative aquarium, because are shortlived, and for breeding need the special terms But the it is interesting to master their breeding to the naturalist-amateur.Pied fundulus — small, about 6 sm, fish painted in the korichnevo-krasnie tones, with plavnikami, orangevo-krasnimi, blue and crimson strips painted gay in colours, having liroobrazniy lengthened tail plavnik with the serebristo-belimi sharp edges. Females more shallow than males, with the tails rounded off, brownish, with dim reddish krapom. Conduct fundulusov at the temperature of 22—24°S, water is necessary to them soft, slightly sourish, height of its level in spawning-ground 5—7 sm, as soil use a peat crumb boiled and washed down. Ikrometanie of fishes takes place almost daily. In one reception female of vimetivaet about ten ikrinok in the superficial carpet from richchii or on soil. The terms of development of caviar strongly vary: on the average it develops for two weeks. Getting of soil, sharp lowering dry, as well as rise of temperature, can put on brakes development of ikrinok. But after pause, at the hit in the refreshed soft water with the slabokisloy reaction ripening passes speed-up, as well as becomes in the environmental conditions with the offensive of period of rains. Overcoming an early stage of feed by mikrokormom, molod grows and develops at the railway speed, becoming polovozreloy in age about three months.
Fundulus gulyaris (blue of fundulus) — most large among these types of fishes. Males achieve 12 sm, females some more shallow. Perhaps, the most beautiful representative of group has a body painted gay in colours by the blue arabesques with the red points and strokes, and style of colouring it is complemented mnogotsvetem plavnikov of fish. Is especially beautiful lengthened tail plavnik of male in the form of trident. However, male is so good-looking only, the females are painted much paler.Spawn gulyarisi at the temperature 22—24 °S. Voda it is required to them slightly sour, torfyanikovaya, soft, with addition of culinary salt from computation 1 tea-spoon on 10 litres of water, soil — peat crumb boiled and washed thoroughly. The caviar of fish is buried in soil, its development proceeds from one and a half about three months, with the latent stage. By shove to development of caviar podsushivanie of soil serves with caviar and subsequent apartment of it in the fresh defended water of the quality required for fundulusov. The large fries are reared by shallow tsiklopom.— subspecies of previous. Differs by the less sizes (about 9 sm), predominance in okrase of orange and reddish tones. The terms of breeding are similar to visheopisannim.
Kalliurus — small (about 6 sm) fish. Male is painted in the brownish tones with prozelenyu, on background which the mineral deposit places red spots. Dorsal, anal and tail fins — three-color, bluish at foundation, with the red bar in the middle and by the yarko-geltoy edging. Females more shallow and are painted in the faded dun tones. The terms for spawning are similar to visheopisannim, eliminating addition of salt. Layer of water for them 5—7 sm, spawn in richchiyu or directly on the peaty soil. The development of caviar takes place approximately for two weeks, in the moist peat. At lowering or at the rise of temperature about 30 °With the development of caviar is detained about 6 weeks and passes by the speed-up rate at creation of the normal mode in the more fresh soft water at temperature 22— 24 “With. Polovozrelimi fishes become in age about three months.

Scalyariya

The silvery, oblate from sides body of this fish with the luxurious dorsal and anal fins gives to these fishes shape of half moon. Their beauty is aggravated by the net brilliance of silvery scale, shaded by the transversal black bars on body, transitory and on plavniki.

Such is an initial form of skalyariy, getting in the aquariums of amateurs from pool Amazonki. In Russia they first appeared at the beginning of age and since remain one of favourite decorations of the aquariums appealing by originality and nobleness of forms of colouring and manner of swimming. Besides skalyarii, demanding to the cleanness of the water saturated by oxygen, at high its level, are simply created, that by them admired in the large aquarium-screen equip modern with amenities with the whole group of these remarkable fishes.
The Аквариумист-selectionist gets from breeding a skalyariy gladness, working above perfection and fixing in heredity of its nurse-children of the varied signs of varieties: black, smoke-coloured, silvery, vualevih and their derivative.
Reared in association of fishes of other kinds, skalyarii are enough tolerant in the relationships with the inhabitants of general aquarium. But the maintenance of whole group of representatives of this kind in the separate aquarium most interestingly and besides allows to select the folded pairs of producers. Their education well notedly on manner to stick together, to aspiration to win back its territory and to the manner of preparation of place for ikrometaniya. Thus the couple begins carefully to clear the areas of glass or submarine plants select by it from mucus and obrastayushih water-plants. And because every copy of skalyariy has its individuality, selecting the formed pair for transplantation in spawning-ground is not difficultly.
Composition of water for the life and breeding of skalyariy does not matter. Optimum temperature of maintenance of 22—24°S, spawning — 26—30°S. Aeratsiya of water by blowing through is necessary.
The parents care of caviar and molodi in the early age. During development of caviar (approximately three days) of skalyarii quite often carry it on other sheet of plant or on other area of glass. The larval stage of development of molodi proceeds about 5 days, whereupon fries already freely float and do not need guardianship of producers. Sexual distinctions at skalyariy are poorly expressed, although the heads of males look some more massive, and the forehead is more protuberant.

Kolyushka

Amazing fish. These small (only 6—8 sm) fishes got its name for its thorns, which their dorsal and abdominal fins doing by their inaccessible game for many predators were transformed in. Is most known also with lightness houses in the aquarium of kolyushka trehiglaya, the defensive of which is made by three pricking rays ahead of dorsal fin. This original defence is complemented by so hard and prickly abdominal plavniki and rows of the bone plates covering fish from sides like knight's latam. Fighter disposition of kolyushek as impossible more corresponds to their armed. Fishes these are very aggressive in relation to other kinds, and males bravely protect a caviar and molod, for the output of which they arrange under water original nests look like on the nests of tkachikovih birds or on building of ptitsi-shalashnika.We know none other fish, except for kolyushki, whose nests would have had not only nest platform, but also done from vegetable stem and fibres of wall and roof. The conduct of builder of this building is so notable — male of kolyushki. During the marriage period it literally blossoms by the bright paints, carefully, during a few days, erects its building, not allowing to approach to it other fishes, and then, after the original ritual of caring for, drives to the nest consistently a few females; vimetannuyu by them impregnates a caviar by molokami and about two weeks vigilantly guard a caviar and molod.Other kind — kolyushka devyatiiglaya, adopted so for the proper quantity of needles on back, differs by the velvet-black spawning dress of male which in ordinary time is had by olive with the dark points. To look after after their marriage conduct it is still interesting, because these fishes arrange the nests not on soil, but in the layer of water, strengthening them kurtinah of vegetation.

Rasbori

The sort of rasbor includes a few ten of types of the shallow fishes dwelling in the shallow overgrowing reservoirs of indo-chinese with the soft, slightly sour water on the peaty silty soil. The same terms are necessary for the successful maintenance and breeding of these fishes in aquarium. From the numerous family at our aquariums make rasbor most popularity to use rasbora geteromorfa and rasbora spotted.
Rasbora geteromorfa — little, with the high shortened body, uploshennim from sides. On its ablaze silvery body the velvety-black spot as a triangle located to the tail nearer is expressly selected, and dorsal fin and mount of tail bright red. The females are characterized by the comparative plenitude, and also softly zakruglenniy front lower corner of black spot, which at males sharp.
Fishes are peaceful, well get along with other types of shallow and middle sizes. Especially well look at oneself in combination with elegant tetrami from the group of haratsinovih fishes.
For breeding best of all to rear from fries a group from ten of future producers which become polovozrelimi in 6—8 months. Spawning-ground with the dark soil and bottom with the thick vegetation of type of amazon or kriptokorin is filled by the soft defended water slightly sour reaction. Depth of water in spawning-ground no more 20 see The females put aside a caviar on the lower parties of leaves of plants, which it attaches to them, inverted thus to one side or almost downward by back. On spawning land the couples fishes or whole groups from two-three males and three-four females. After spawning of adult fishes delete, water level it is desirable to lower about 5—8 sm and shade an aquarium, because development of caviar on passes to light less successfully. The larvae from caviar are pecked out approximately through days, becoming freely floating fries in three days. Rear them by mikrokormom. After the larval stage water level in spawning-ground it follows to promote.
Rasbora makulyata (rasbora spotted) unlike the previous kind is characterized by the prolate slender body of classic «fish» proportions, by length about 3 see Fish is painted in the russet tones with the black, pouring by blue off spots on each side and at foundation of tail and by red plavnikami with the dark edging of dorsal and anal fins. The females are painted in the rather yellow tones and not such smart, as more bright males. The terms of breeding are the same, that and at the previous kind, but water level in spawning-ground below, about 6—8 see Darkening of spawning-ground is so necessary. Before spawning of males and females vidergivayut separately at the good feeding by tsiklopom and shallow dafniyami. The larval stage of viklyunuvsheysya molodi lasts approximately 4 days. Feed the fries with infusoria. Puberty at these fishes comes already in 2 — a 2,5 month.

Perch

From this group the aquariumists successfully conduct two types of American perches — diamond and disc-like, and also native indo-chinese — glass perch.The American perches dwell in the net, transparent waters rich in oxygen. They well feel in aquariums capacity from 30 litres and more with the cool water and sandy soil. At the drop in temperature on 10єS become nonactive, experiencing this the «winter», as well as in nature, in the half asleep state. At temperature from the 15єS fish become active and are able to spawn. The range of temperature condition for perches is great, that allows to experience our winters them even in the opened pools. They prefer hard water, are undemanding in regard to the reaction of environment, but badly carry the volte-faces of temperatures, composition of water and lack of oxygen.Before landing on spawning the separate maintenance of raznopolih fishes is recommended. For them the anxiety about posterity is characteristic, which is assumed by male. Before ikrometaniem it digs up in sand pit which development of caviar and larvae under the vigilant supervision of male is in. Delete a female after ikrometaniya. Ripening of caviar takes place during two days. The larvae become freely floating fries in 4—5 days, whereupon usually transplant male. However its anxiety about posterity can last and long, so that, unless necessary in saving of maximal quantity of molodi, interestingly ponablyudat after the further development of relations in family of father-lone person.

Diamond perch

approximately about 6 sm grows in the aquarium terms, in the natural reservoirs about 10 see Body of this fish of uploshennoe, high. ON the brownish background the great number of brilliant dark blue-green points is sparse. Females more shallow and are painted paler.

Disc-like perch

is characteristic to its rounded off, in type by the oblate from sides body painted in the brownish tones with the dark transversal bars.

Glass perch

is taken by zoologists in the special family. Motherland of this fish — indo-chinese. One of originalneyshih fishes with the shortened, high, compressed from sides transparent body. At the young fishes it almost colourless, with age adopts a goldish tint with the bluish reflection on the tail part of body and on plavnikah. Fish is so transparent, that through its fabrics examine with x-rays a spine and air-bladder Temperature of maintenance room. Spawning -26—28 °The S. Razvitie caviars the about days flow, larval stage — two days. In spawning-ground water level 18—20 see Rear the fries by kolovratkami after «dust». The producers eat a caviar up. Is considered necessity round-the-clock to light the spawning-grounds by the dim dissipated light and poorly blow through an aquarium with molodyu for creation of insignificant interfusion of layers of water. Basic difficulty in breeding — saving of fries on the early stages of growth. The pubescence comes about 6 months, life-span a 3—4 year.

Betta (fighting fish)

Perhaps, the most widespread labyrinth fish wondrous beautiful, simple in regard to feeding and quality of water, comparatively simple in breeding. The initial form achieves a size about 7 see The vualevie cockerels shown out selection with the luxurious dorsal, anal and tail fins of males excel the maximum growth of wild form. Its name of fish was got for the extraordinary pugnacity of adult males. From this they are impossible to be held in one aquarium with competitors.
Fights of opponents, as well as caring for during spawning, very interesting spectacle. The excited opponents as though blossom by the bright paints. Their demonstrative poses of bodies with dissolute by plavnikami and branchial lids stuck out with the poured by blood reddening branchiaes salient from under them are wondrous beautiful. A the fight is cruel and persistent so that at times ends with death of one of scrappers, and even both. Sometimes they break off the fight with ragged plavnikami, quite often with the lips torn off or with the loss of eyes. Presumably, exactly the colourfulness and persistence of these original tournaments generated fascination of habitants indo-chinese by the fights of fishes, erected in status hardly whether national sport attracting a great number of audience and office worker by the article of large bets. Tell, that incandescence of passions during the fight of fishes is to not less, than on ippodromnih skachkah or on the soccer battles.
The so cruel games are alien to the home aquariums. But they served by the serious stimulus of domestication of fighter fishes on their motherland and subsequent destroying of the varied forms of magnificent cockerels with long plavnikami ablaze by the mother-of-pearl brilliance of scarlet, dark blue and emerald colors.
Females of cockerels — unattractive fishes with short plavnikami rounded off, although in the marriage mood and they become some brighter. Males, even poluvzroslie, differ by the more saturated colouring of bodies and lengthened plavnikami. Now the aquariums conduct fishes: with the scale of corporal color and bright red plavnikami, completely red, dark blue and green fishes or cockerels of mixed okrasa, plavniki of which overflow by the rainbow of all these colors.
In the quiet state and, especially at the drop in the temperature of fish some fade, priopuskaya plavniki and partly losing a brightness. But at the least excitation they adopt battle poses, dismiss plavniki and glitter by the brightness of colouring. To admire by them in such state, well to hold males in the lengthened aquariums-screens parted by the glass partitions. However, to drive a cockerel to the battle mood, it is enough to show it the own reflection, setting to glass of aquarium small mirror. Are most beautiful even in the quiet mood of fish of red color or corporal with red plavnikami.
Unfortunately, these charming fishes are shortlived. Duration of their life only one and a half-two year. Terms of their maintenance and breeding — general for the labyrinth fishes.

Makropod

Is known to our aquariums from the beginning of age. Since makes to use large popularity at aquariums for beauty of adult males at maintenance in the teplovodnom aquarium and especially in the marriage period, when the transversal bars of red and dark blue-green colors and lengthened plavniki of males blossom like rainbow, and fish, adopting demonstration poses, dismisses plavniki and sparkles by all its paints.

But so our fishes look only at the optimum temperatures and if they are reared on the various living sterns. At the same time at many amateurs, living in the unheated aquariums, fishes are painted much dimmer, stick to languidly and come alive only during feeding, because do not lose an appetite and at the ordinary room temperature.
Spawning of makropodov is especially interesting not only thanks to the brightness of marriage dress of fishes and to beauty of poses of male during caring for, but also thanks to the protracted anxiety about posterity. Male cares of ikrinkah and fries of about 10 days, renews a nest, sorts out and shifts ikrinki, collecting by mouth posterity running back and returning it back. Sometimes the female left in the aquarium of sufficient size helps male in the anxiety about posterity. But, presumably, this takes place only at the proper conduct of male which can be very aggressive even in relation to wife, and it has to be rescued in the jungles of plants. However transplant most at breeding of makropodov in the small temporal spawning-grounds aquariums females immediately after ikrometaniya, and separate males from fries, when those begin freely to float.
Makropodi — long-livers among the labyrinth fishes. At the favourable terms they live in aquariums on 8—10 years. Although the most successful producers are an approximately about half of this term.
Reared in the company of its sorodichey, these fishes are are aggressive in relation to the representatives of other kinds. If they grow in the general aquarium, become tolerant to the raznoporodnomu surroundings. The aquarium with makropodami must be covered by glass, because fishes are inclined to jump out from water.
Along with the initial form of makropodov, the selection shows out the semialbinos with the rose body covered only by the red bars and red plavnikami and so-called black makropodi with the body of temnookrashennim and without bars, but with long beautiful plavnikami.

Lalius

Small (male of about 6 sm, females hardly less) fish with rounded, in type by the uploshennim body.

Adult males glitter by the cobalt-dark blue forehand of belly, the other part of body and plavniki are covered by the ablaze transversal bars of coral-red and light-blue-dark blue colors. For beauty and grace of lyaliusov name still iridescent fishes.

Abdominal plavniki of these fishes as long filaments are very mobile and, presumably, carry tactile functions. The females are painted more modest, in the serebristo-serie tones with the bars and rather yellow abdominal plavnikami probleskivayushimi by blue, while at males they — red. Besides that, the dorsal fins of males have a sharp form, while at females they rounded off.
Comparative was recently shown out foreign aquariums still more beautiful form of bright red lyaliusov. Beauty and high prices on this novinku served by the reason of criminal history with the theft of fishes from the nursery of creator of this variety, which the first time was by the monopolist of their breeding. Now agiotage round this recent rareness poutih and they meet already and at the Russian aquariums.
Lyaliusi — peaceful fishes and not bad get along in the general aquariums with other kinds. But eat the fries of viviparous fishes away to single, otlavlivaya them by the instantaneous throws from jungles. Besides fishes very beautiful on itself become barely visible in the general aquarium, where prefer to take shelter in the jungles of plants. Therefore is of most interest maintenance by their group in the separate aquarium.
As well as all labyrinth, lyaliusi are undemanding in regard to inflexibility of water and its reaction of environment. Temperature of the maintenance 24—26 °With, spawning at 28—30 °With.
Male builds a nest from suds and richchii. After ikrometaniya female it is necessary to delete, and male guards a nest in the flow of days, to the exit from the caviar of larval stage of fries, and days three more, while the fries with the geltochnim bubble already sucked in will not begin independently to float and feed. Then male must be transplanted, and feed the fries with infusoria and mikrovodoroslyami — evglenoy (by the green water), appearing in aquariums with the old water at the good sun illumination. At the sufficient feed on the early stage the little people grow quickly and to the desyatidnevnomu age pass to the feed by shallow tsiklopami.
About 6 months become polovozrelimi lyaliusi in age.

Labioza

On look is similar with lyaliusom, but some larger it (7—8 sm). Colouring of males is similar with lyaliusami, but if the blue of lyaliusa glitters by nobleness of azure, spots and bars on the body of lyabiozi simply navy blue, and red bars wider, are not so elegant and have a krasno-korichneviy tint. On the whole fishes look more rough, than their elegant colleagues, but they simpler in maintenance and breeding. Fully fairly well lyabioza feels at the room temperature in the unheated water and more noticeable in the general aquarium, than their sorodichi. The female is painted paler, the dorsal fin is rounded off, sharp, as at male, and pectoral threadlike plavniki of bluish tint, while at males they reddish.

Spawning temperature 28—30 °The S. Glubina spawning-grounds 12—15 see The development of caviar lasts about 2 days, transplant a female immediately after ikrometaniya, male — since the fries begin to run from nest back. Build a nest from the bubbles of «suds» and ground up by fishes of richchii.

Gurami

This is comparative large (about 10 sm) fish with uploshennim, compressed from sides by the body of silvery color with two spots, on each side and at foundation of tail. Male from female differs by the some prolate and sharp dorsal fin. In the marriage mood the male becomes brighter.
Terms of breeding — general for the labyrinth fishes, but spawning apartment in accordance to the sizes of fishes it is necessary more spacious, approximately 20 litres at the height of water post about 15 see Temperature of maintenance of 22—24°S, spawning 26—28°S. The development of caviar takes place for period about 48 hours.
Along with the initial form the aquariums conduct so-called golubih of gurami, the body of which is painted in the bluish-grey color without spots on each side, and also marble gurami, different dark, «marble» picture by spots on body. These varieties of the same kind cross between itself and in posterity give the greater or less throwing of colour variations about in accordance with the initial producers.

Pearl gurami

— the most good-looking representative of family, left in our country at the beginning of fiftieth years. Orangevo-krasnie lower part of head and belly and numberless spots ablaze by the pearl brilliance on all body and plavnikam in combination with the dark bar stretching from eyes to foundation of tail, create an unique look of this remarkable fish. The females differ by the more modest colouring and rounded dorsal fin which at males has the lengthened form and achieves foundation of tail. Beauty and brightness of dress of these fishes fully show up on achievement of puberty at the 26—28°S temperature. Spawning temperature — 28—30°S.
These fishes prefer net, rich in oxygen, withstanding water, in aquarium with thick kurtinami of submarine vegetation and floating plants, at the low water level. Capacity of spawning-ground not less than 40 litres. Pisces form permanent pairs of producers. In relation to other fishes these gurami are non-aggressive.

Labyrinth fishes

В группу (подотряд) лабиринтовых входят тропи­ческие рыбки, живущие в мелководных стоячих и слабопроточных водоемах Индокитая. Некоторые из них находят прибежище на рисовых полях и в ороси­тельных канавах. Как правило, эти водоемы бедны кислородом. Но эти рыбки отлично чувствуют себя и в таких условиях благодаря своеобразному строению своей жаберной системы, в которой имеются полости, густо устланные сетью капиллярных сосудов. Этот дыхательный орган биологи назвали лабиринтом,— отсюда и название подотряда. В лабиринте кровь на­сыщается кислородом из атмосферного воздуха, за­глатываемого с поверхности воды.

Хотя рыбки получают кислород и за счет жаберно­го дыхания, этого для лабиринтовых недостаточно, и они могут погибнуть от удушья без возможности сис­тематически получать порции атмосферного воздуха. Известны случаи гибели целых партий рыб при пере­возке их в доверху наполненных сосудах, без воздуш­ной прослойки под их крышкой.
Но выведенные из икры мальки этих рыбок еще не имеют развитого лабиринта, столь необходимого в воде природных мест обитания. И сохранить их удается только благодаря заботе о потомстве родите­лей, вернее самцов, лабиринтовых рыбок, которые строят на поверхности воды пенистые гнезда в виде небольших шапок из пузырьков воздуха. В таких гнездах развитие икры и мальков на ранней возрас­тной стадии проходит в оптимальном кислородном режиме, под охраной самцов, которые не только со­бирают в гнездо оплодотворенную икру, но охраня­ют, подновляют его и опекают малышей, препятст­вуя на первых порах их выпадению и бегству из это­го убежища.
Эти тепловодные рыбки не требовательны к каче­ству воды, но хорошо себя чувствуют только при тем­пературе 24—26 “С, а в период нереста при повыше­нии ее до 28—30 °С. В литературе встречаются сведе­ния об агрессивности этих рыбок, ограничивающей возможность их содержания в аквариумах с другими видами. Однако, если смолоду растить их в общем ак­вариуме с другими рыбками средних размеров, то они и вырастая остаются вполне терпимыми в смешанном обществе сородичей.
А вот взаимоотношения половозрелых самцов по­рой осложняются взаимной нетерпимостью. Особен­но после обновления воды в аквариуме, что ассоции­руется у них с периодом дождей в природе и служит сигналом к началу размножения, усугубляя соперни­чество самцов.
Считается, что, помимо обновления воды и повы­шения температуры, нерест лабиринтовых рыб стиму­лирует контакт с брачным партнером. И опытные аквариумисты рекомендуют перед посадкой для раз­множения держать самок и самцов отдельно и лучше их кормить мотылем. Последнее необходимо, так как рачками эти рыбки не наедаются, а главное, привык­нув ловить мелкую добычу в толще воды, рыбки мо­гут так же поступать и с мальками.
Большинство лабиринтовых успешно нерестится в небольших емкостях с уровнем воды, не превышаю­щим 8—12 см. В нерестилище помещают неукореняющиеся растения и риччию, которая совершенно необходима при постройке гнезда некоторыми вида­ми рыб, например лялиусами.
Известные трудности приходится преодолевать и чтобы поддерживать в такой небольшой мелководной емкости постоянную нерестовую температуру. При от­сутствии электрообогревателя с регулятором приходит­ся исхитряться, используя для поддержания нужного режима электрические лампочки и электрогрелки, при­строенные под нерестовым аквариумом. Однако такая «кустарщина», как правило, ненадежна, а в случаях на­рушения требуемого режима рыбки теряют брачный настрой, порой бросая уже построенные гнезда.
Постройку гнезда самец, как правило, перемежает преследованием самок, которые до поры укрываются от него в гуще растений. Когда же приближается куль­минационный момент, самец привлекает самку под свою постройку. После ритуальной брачной игры, во время которой он демонстрирует всю красоту своей расцветки и развернутых плавников, самец охватывает самку своим телом, складывается при этом пополам и, плавно опускаясь ко дну, выжимает из самки икру, од­новременно оплодотворяя ее своими молоками. Уха­живание и брачные объятия повторяются многократ­но, пока самка не вымечет всю икру, которую самец тотчас собирает ртом и переносит в гнездо. По окон­чании икрометания самка, обессиленная и потерявшая все свои краски, уплывает, а самец остается на страже под своей постройкой, постоянно подновляя ее воздушными пузырьками и перебирая икринки ртом.
Мальки у разных видов выклевываются через раз­ные промежутки времени — от суток до четырех, за­тем остаются в гнезде до всасывания желточного пу­зыря под присмотром самца, который возвращает в него отделяющихся мальков, даже когда некоторые из них начинают плавать самостоятельно.
На этой стадии самца отсаживают, самку же удаля­ют из нерестового помещения сразу по окончании икрометания. Молодь на ранних стадиях кормят ин­фузориями и коловратками. По мере роста малыши переходят на поедание личинок и мелких циклопов (пыль). При хорошем кормлении и содержании мо­лодь растет быстро. Большинство видов становится половозрелыми в 6—8 месяцев.
Из числа лабиринтовых наибольшей популярно­стью у наших аквариумистов пользуются бойцовые рыбки, лялиусы и гурами.

Cardinal

Fish from the same family, that and danio, but the zoologists select it in the special family. Motherland of this little (long about 4 sm) fish — reservoirs of South China.
But for last polveka they became domestic nurse-children of aquariums. From the initial form the domestic breed was shown out — vualevie cardinals with lengthened plavnikami.

The initial form of cardinals is very attractive. This is elegant progonistaya fish painted in the russet tones with the goldish bar along all body and red plavnikami. The young cardinals which the bar along body shines at by the dark blue-green color are especially good. Presumably, this original identification signal for sorodichey, similar call Maugli: «We one blood.», appropriate in association of these peaceful fishes, which do not eat up a neither caviar nor fries, and live in the overgrowing shallow reservoirs with the not always clear water.
Fishes are undemanding to composition of water, not bad feel at the ordinary room temperature, although for their growth and spawning are optimum 22—24 °S. Pri maintenance of flock of these fishes in the separate aquarium cropped with kurtinami of plants at the low water level, they successfully propagate oneself without transplanting in the special spawning-ground. Of course, in such terms of fries grows from the shortage of mikrokorma less, but such reproduction is enough for the timely filling of natural departure of fishes in, the life of which proceeds one and a half-two year. At the group maintenance, thus in group it is desirable to have males there are more of females in 1,5—2 times, each of which throws all for a few ikrinok (2—5) daily during 3—4 weeks, whereupon the period of rest follows about one and a half weeks, and then the cycle repeats oneself.
At the desire to get and save a maximal quantity of odnovozrastnoy molodi, males and females are held by about 10 days separately, and then transplant in spawning-ground by depth about 20 sm, where the female throws on 20—30 ikrinok simultaneously, as though compensating the forced delay of daily ikrometaniya. The development of ikrinok proceeds about two days. In the larval stage molod is immobile and develops due to the geltochnogo bubble, and as soon as the fries begin to float, the mikrokorm is necessary to them. Adult by male from females distinguish more slender forms, while females completer.

Goldfish

Goldfish and its derivative — domestic animals, hundred shown out years ago in China, where breeding of these fishes makes part of national culture, and the art of selection work with them is passed from generation in generation.

The forefather of goldfish is considered a silver European carp which the numerous domesticated forms or breeds were shown from out. These fishes on the motherland of its creators and in Japan since olden times were by the living decorations of ponds and pools in the palace gardens, and their grotesque derivative, especially valued for its original exterior, were contained in the inlying rests and winter gardens in the ornamental waters or giant porcelain vases-aquariums. Already at the beginning of our millennium the culture of breeding of goldfishes became property of Japan and Korea. And the Europeans began to import, and then and to conduct them, since the seventeenth age. During three hundred years the goldfish pervenstvovala in the list of aquarium nurse-children for its beautiful and original look, and also for unpretentiousness in the feed and, that especially important, for power to live in the conditions of considerable daily allowance and seasonal overfalls of the temperatures inevitable at the stove heating of dwelling. In our time this left off to be by the deciding factor and goldfish was «pressed» by the exotic heat-loving kinds. But many save loyalty of the eldest attachment of aquariums. The selectionists, aspiring to breeding of especially interesting varieties, receipt of new forms and fixing of their properties in posterity, behave toward them. In this plan breeding of these fishes presents a vast field for the experiment and creation.Goldfish — this domesticated form of silver European carp, saving a look of its forefather, but considerably changing in part of colouring. The most widespread colouring of these by fish — zolotisto-krasnaya, for what fish and got its name. However the Chinese selectionists managed considerably to enrich a palette of paints, eyes of amateurs making happy. Goldfishes are shown out albinos tender-rose, with the transparent scale and bescheshuynie forms, fishes of serebristo-belogo color, pied fishes of red color of all tints with black silvery and mother-of-pearl colors by spots in the most different combinations. Curiously, that in the early age molod of goldfishes has colouring of its wild forefather, and is painted in the colors of the cultivated forms from the polutoramesyachnogo age of about year, in accordance with the very «pied» heredity.

Comet

nearer other to the initial form. Differs from it by the some shortened and thickened body and vualevim extended as shleyfa by single tail plavnikom.

Vualehvost

— shortened format fish with divided tail plavnikom downward and at times far exceeding handing down a size of body of fish.

Telescope

is characterized, foremost, by the protuberant eyes different by form and orientation. The telescopes of the more exaggerated forms and size of eyes are valued, and also with vualevimi swallow-tails.

Shubunkin

differs by the yaytseobraznim shortened body which is underlined by the divided scut.

Lvinogolovka(Leohead)

— also shirokotelaya variety, the head of which is decorated by the cap of original growths, usually bright red.Into each of these varieties cultivate fishes different on colors and their combinations on the structure of body and plavnikov, on the structure of present scale or its absence. As a result of crossing of these varieties between itself in every brood the great number of intermediate forms turns out, and part of molodi turns out is near to its forefathers — to goldfish and silver European carp. Heredity of the most interesting exaggerated forms, as a rule, carries a recession poligenniy character, and fixing of necessary properties in posterity turns out heavy, but that by the more enthralling task.However the ordinary «melkotravchatomu» amateur of these fishes has to be satisfied simply by reproduction of the producers pleasing to it forasmuch as the directed selection of these fishes requires the very large aquarium economy, for growing of great number of molodi, with subsequent vibrakovkoy of swingeing majority of the fishes deviating from the desirable type. To. raising the most valuable copies to the same is more difficult, because signs most interesting from point of aquarium, for example, enormous eyes of telescope, luxurious shleyf vualehvosta or exaggerated forms of body of shubunkinov, are not functional for fishes. And their presence is accompanied by the losses of giznestoykosti. But all these difficulties do not scare authentic enthusiasts aspiring to the receipt of ultraporodnih fishes and to fixing of their heredity. That exhausting to one amateur, successfully do the unions of like-minded persons, their clubs, sections or simply friendly collectives of the men enthusiastic by the common cause.Composition of water for fishes of substantial value has not, sharp its changes are undesirable only. The same behaves toward the temperature condition also. The optimum temperature room, 16—20°S, although fishes well carry the changes in that and other parties within the limits of 10°S.All varieties of goldfishes are unpretentious to the forage and possess an excellent appetite, with all effluent consequences. And this stipulates a necessity to systematic, not rarer than 1—2 time per a week, substitutions of water in aquarium at the simultaneous cleaning of bottom.A spawning-ground must be sufficient volume -30—50 litres and more at the depth of water 20—26 sm with the 22—24°S temperature. Fishes spawn in the dreg of melkolistnih plants (elodeya, aquatic moss, miriofillum and dr.). The mature, well reared females throw a lot of caviar ( one and a half-two thousand ikrinok and more). After spawning of producers delete, and in spawning-ground it is desirable to support the necessary oxygen mode by blowing through. The development of caviar proceeds about four days, larval stage — two days. Beginning to float and feed, the fries need an enough body of shallow tsiklopov and its larvae — «pili»» protsegivaemimi through muslin. Bringing in a forage is needed systematic, but measuring out its quantity in accordance with the appetites of molodi in order to avoid spoilage of water from its pereizbitka.As far as growth of molodi it is necessary to assort the fries in accordance with their uneven development. Polovozrelimi fishes become in age 1-2 years. Life-span goldfishes more 3th years, the korotkotelie forms live vdvoe-vtroe less. Molod begins to be painted in of four weeks age, is fully painted in half-year and later.

Discuss fish

Fishes are enough large (12—15 sm), disc-like in type and uploshennie from sides. On motherland in the pool of rivers Amazonki and Rio-Hegro dwell in the slowly current waters. A few colour forms of diskusov are known: brown, green, blue and red. Males from females differ by the form of pectoral plavnikov bent lunate and directed by ends backwards, while at females they are dropped downward and by ends ahead. Besides the females are painted paler than males.
On its motherland of diskusi live in the area of rain forests, in reservoirs with the soft, hardly acidified water systematic refreshed by the rain threads. And in aquariums the same terms are necessary to them. Diskusi peaceful fishes, however for breeding of them it is needed to hold separately, giving them large capacity aquarium (from 200 litres and more), copsy kriptokorinami or by the plants similar to them. These fishes need a various living forage. Temperature of maintenance and spawning about 30 °S. Vodu it is necessary to update weekly, replacing approximately quarter its part. Aeratsiya of water with simultaneous its filtration is desirable.
At the observance of these terms and success in the selection of pair the aquarium will be rewarded by the receipt of posterity of these so far rare and expensive fishes, and main — by possibility to admire by its nurse-children, marriage paints painted gay in colours, and
to look after the quite unusual anxiety about posterity, peculiar only diskusam.
Put a caviar of diskusi aside like majority of tsihlidovih on plants or on the ceramic surface of flowerpot. The parents, especially male, vigilantly guard a caviar, on development of which about three days leave. About larvae with the geltochnim bubble not still pulled in the parents take care, sorting out and carrying them about. Then the fries hang on the sides of both parents, feeding on the original «fish milk» — by mucus, selected their skin. It makes about two weeks basis of feed of little people, but also later the already freely floating fries are fed up by the such unusual method.

Danio

The representatives of this family on its motherland in Indo­kitae inhabit stand-up and slowly current melko­vodnie reservoirs and rice fields inundated by water. All danio progonistie, uzkotelie shallow fishes, ne­obiknovenno quickly scampering about in reservoir or in akva­riume, observing a definite line-up at peredvi­genii. And at some kinds, in particular at danio malabarskih, even definite deference is marked in flocks to the rank. Fish (dominants) dominant in flock floats horizontally. This is position which secures possibility instantly to dash ahead and upwards, to grasp a booty or run from enemy away.
The other members of flock of these fishes float with the large or less inclination of forehand of body ahead and downward. The angle of slope is determined by the grade position of fish in flock. So, subdominant — second on grade in flock fish — sticks to only with the small inclination. The angle of slope at swimming of the other fishes is determined by its position in the covey hierarchy, increased as far as the decrease of their «authority» in association. Fishes occupying more high position in flock strictly watch, that the «lower ranks did not lift up a nose». Fugleman and its close stick to in the middle of covey and much rarer become victims of predators, than their weak «lower ranks», which make as though a living barrier guarding the best in association.In maintenance all danio are simple, although these extraordinarily mobile fishes need sufficient space for swimming. The forage is preferable to living, proper to the sizes of fishes. Temperature of maintenance — ordinary room, at preparation to spawning — 22—24 “With, spawning — 24—26 “With.Producers, two males and one female, seat in spawning-ground from evening, and ikrometanie, as a rule, takes place with sunrise, at the rise of temperature to the spawning norm. Adult fishes eat up its caviar, therefore after ikrometaniya of them it is needed to delete. The caviar develops about two days, the larval stage passes in immobility. When the fries begin to float, rear them by infusoria or other mikrokormom, in the worst case — by the egg powder. As far as growth the fries pass to the feed by shallow tsiklopami, dafniyami, by trubochnikom and motilem.Danio rerio is conducted by the home aquariums from the beginning of age. This little, about 5 sm, elegant fishes, bodies and plavniki of which are covered alternate by the misya longitudinal strips of navy blue and goldish colors. For such colouring they got the in the everyday use Russian name «lady stocking». Fishes are peaceful and can be by decoration of both specific and general aquarium.The point danio on sizes and picture of bars is similar with rerio, but, unlike it, lower part of body and anal plavnik are covered by no strips, but bluish-dark blue points. These fishes easily cross with danio rerio, so that in the pometah hybrid fishes throwing of signs of that and other kind is not uncommon about.Rose danio some larger than visheopisannih, but the same slender and mobile fish. The body of this fish is painted in the bluish-rose tones ablaze in the reflected light. This is aggravated by liveliness of fishes, a flock of which is in the permanent motion. Terms of maintenance and breeding — general for all family. Easily crosses with other types of danio.Leopard danio hardly more shallow than previous, differs by its colouring. On the zolotisto-geltomu background all body of these fishes is painted gay in colours by the dark spots, for what they and got its name. This also covey peaceful fishes simple and comparatively simple in breeding.Malabarskiy danio — the most large representative of family. On its motherland achieves length 15 sm, in aquariums it on 5 sm shorter. Fishes are painted gay in colours by the bluish-dark blue and zolotisto-geltimi bars. In accordance with its sizes and liveliness of disposition, need the more spacious apartment, than their shallow sorodichi. At maintenance in flock especially interestingly to look after the group conduct of these fishes. In the relationships with other kinds — peaceful. In breeding — pair. Terms of maintenance and breeding — general for the representatives of all family, but spawning-ground it must be more spacious — with the area of bottom no less than 1000 sm2.

Barbus

Numerous representatives of this group are by the nearest relatives to our carp fishes. The most kinds conducted in aquariums are taken out from Africa and South Asia. They are characterized by the small (5—10 sm) sizes, variety of forms and large brilliant scale of the silvery, reddish and black tones combining in the most different combinations.
All barbusi — ugivchivie, peaceful fishes feeding on the shallow living forage with addition of nitchatki and other tender greenery, not harming to the aquarium plants.

Prefer withstanding, but rich in oxygen water soft, slightly kisluyu. They are contained at the temperature 24—26 °With, in the period of spawning — at 26—28 “With. For spawning of fishes transplant in the shallow aquariums by capacity from 15 litres with water of the required temperature. Thickly cover a bottom by the aquatic moss or other plants. Adult fishes eat its caviar up, and even during ikrometaniya. Aquarium plants hinder to this. After spawning of producers immediately delete. The caviar develops during 1—4 days. Aeratsiya of water is thus desirable by blowing through. Safety of developing caviar darkening of part of spawning-ground with plants and caviar is instrumental in. And the free space lighted up by the rather narrow strip of light attracts infusoria, serving by food of fries, which begin to float and feed after the larval stage lasting 3—4 days.
Most widespread and undoubtedly the most beautiful kinds: barbusi-sumatranusi, black, cherry and fiery barbusi. Last from the transferred kinds along with the initial form gives aquarium fishes with lengthened vualevimi plavnikami. The hybrid form of sumatranusov is no less interesting and black by the barbusov combinations of velvet-black, silvery and bright red tones.
Determine success in breeding of all types of barbusov, foremost, good terms of growing of future producers — water, temperature, luminosity of aquarium and oxygen mode, and also sufficient and various feeding. Acquired adult fishes only in the rare cases turn out successful producers. At a new proprietor the microclimate in its aquariums will certainly differ from terms in which lived purchased adult fishes. Besides they can turn out oldish for breeding or zagirevshimi, if raised them at the good feeding, but in the not enough spacious aquarium. Therefore best of all to acquire ten of fries, to rear them in aquarium by capacity no less than 50 litres, and when they will become polovozrelimi (in 6—8 months), to use for breeding. Males from females differ, foremost, by the more slender body, while females some pribryushisti. As for fiery and cherry barbusov, their females are painted not so brightly. For week to landing on spawning of males and females better to hold separately.